Index

2-ohm power, amplifiers, 197
2-ohm stability, amplifiers, 202-203
5.1 channel audio: 
   CD head unit with Dolby Pro Logic II, 191-192
   Dolby Digital, 189-190
   Dolby Pro Logic II, 189
   DTS, 189-190
   DVD head unit and separate surround-sound processor, 192
   DVD head unit with built-in surround-sound processor, 192
   DVD head unit with DVD-Audio, 193
   DVD-Audio, 190
   formats, 188-190
   sources, 191-193
   speakers, center channel, 50-51

A
accessories: 
   antenna boosters, 308
   aux input converters, for portable music players, 304-305
   battery savers and monitors, 298-300
   cassette adapters, for portable music players, 303-304
   FM transmitters, for portable music players, 304
   iPod adapter, 305
   motorized antennas, 305-308
   power line capacitors, 296-298
   premium patch cables, 301-302
   premium speaker wire, 300-301
   sound deadening materials, 308-309
Accumat, 308-309
adapters: 
   amplifier turn-on, 213
   antenna, 163, 307
   aux input, 304-305
   cassette, 303-304
   chime module interface, 166-167
   common ground, 160-163
   factory steering wheel control, 163-164
   floating ground, 160-163
   iPod to head unit, 305
   multiple changer, 293
   OnStar interface, 168
   (See also converters)
Add-A-Circuit fuse holder, 17-18
AGC fuses and fuse holders, 210-212
AGU fuses and fuse holders, 210-212
alternator whine, 318-319
amplifiers: 
   2-ohm power, 197
   2-ohm stable, 202-203
   A.M.S. (Amplifier Management System), 199
   automatic turn-on wiring, 212-214
   boosting head units with front and rear preamp outputs, 216-219
   boosting head units with no preamp outputs and four speaker outputs, 223-226
   boosting head units with no preamp outputs and two speaker outputs, 226-229
   boosting head units with one set of preamp outputs, 219-223
   boosting premium factory sound system head units, 229-235
   bridging, 74-76, 203-204
   CEA compliant power, 197, 200-201
   Class AB, Class D, 198, 208
   connectors for power wiring, 214-215
   crossover, built-in, 67, 198
   distribution blocks, 209-210
   features, 197-199
   fuses, 210-212
   ground connection, 214
   ground wiring, 206-215
   maximum power, 200
   mounting location, 204-205
   noise immunity considerations, 320
   oscillation with DVC subs, 91
   peak power, 200
   performance, 197-199
   pops, turn-on/turn-off, 237-238
   power per dollar, 202-204
   power rating methods, 199-201
   power required, 201-202
   power required for subs, 73-74
   power requirements for biamping, 258-259
   power wiring, 206-215
   preamp outputs, 199
   premium factory sound systems, 229-235
   remote gain controls, 199
   RMS power, 200
   setting gains, 235-237
   signal-to-noise ratio, 197
   speaker wiring, 215-216
   speaker-level inputs, 199
   subwoofer, 67, 197
   turn-on/turn-off pops, 237-238
   wire gauge, 206-208
ANL fuses and fuse holders, 210-212
antenna boosters, 308
antennas: 
   adapters, 163, 307
   connectors, factory, 163, 307
   installation, 307-308
   motorized, 306
   windshield, 306
aspect ratio: 
   DVD changers, 285
   monitors, 180
ATC fuses and fuse holders, 210-212
ATO fuses and fuse holders, 210-212
Aura Bass Shakers, 129-130
auto reverse, cassette head units, 144
automatic turn-on wiring, amplifiers, 212-214
aux input converters, for portable music players, 304-305

B
backstraps, 156
backup cameras, 186-187
balanced line driver outputs, head units, 138
balanced signals, 316
banana plugs, 119
bandpass box:
   advantages of, 82-83
   box design software, 92-93
   construction, 113-114
   damping, enclosure, 122
   design example, 106-107
   one-note thump, 103
   port design example, 117-118
   port length, calculating, 114-117
   port tuning, 103-104
   ports, constructing, 114-117
   ports, multiple, 118
bass blockers, 125
bass blocking crossovers, 124-125
bass response: 
   goal, 102
   vehicle affect on, 108
bass shakers, 129-130
bass transducers, 129-130
battery monitors, 299-300
battery savers, 298-299
biamping: 
   adjusting your system, 268-272
   advantages of, 254-256
   amplifiers for, 258-259
   choosing a crossover, 256-258
   configurations for head units with front and rear preamp outputs, 259-263
   configurations for head units with one set of preamp outputs, 263-267
   speakers for, 259
binding posts, 119
books, recommended, 338
Bose (see premium factory sound systems)
box design, 92-112
   bandpass box construction, 113-114
   bandpass design example, 106-107
   box assembly and bracing, 113
   box design charts, 95-101
   box materials, 112-113
   box shape, 112-113
   construction, 112-124
   damping, enclosure, 122
   finishing touches, 122-124
   isobarik configurations, 109-112
   multiple drivers in one box, 108-112
   port design example, 117-118
   port length, calculating, 114-117
   port, when to use, 102
   ports, constructing, 114-117
   ports, multiple, 118
   sealed and ported design example, 104-106
   software, 92-93
   terminals, speaker, 119
bridged power, amplifiers, 197
bridging, 74-76, 203-204

C
cables (see patch cables)
cable ties, 20
cameras, rearview, 186-187
capacitors, power line, 329-330
carpet, speaker, 122-124
cassette adapters, for portable music players, 303-304
cassette features, head units, 143-145
CD changer controls, head units, 137
CD changers: 
   for aftermarket head units with CD changer controls, 276-277
   CD text display, 280
   CD-R, CD-RW compatibility, 280
   connecting to system, 291-293
   converters, 277-278
   disc naming, 280
   ESP (Electronic Shock Protection), 281
   for factory head units with CD changer controls, 277-278
   features, 278-281
   FM modulator, 274-276
   for head units without CD changer controls, 274-276
   ID3 tag display, 280
   installation, 289-293
   mounting, 291
   mounting angle, 280
   mounting location, 289-291
   MP3 playback, 280
   multiple changer adapter, 293
   performance, 278-281
   shuffle play, 281
   track programming, 280
   WMA playback, 280
   WMA tag display, 280
   zero-bit detect, 281
   (See also head units, CD changer built-in)
CD features, head units, 145-148
CD text display: 
   CD changers, 280
   head units, 147
CD-R, CD-RW compatibility: 
   CD changers, 280
   DVD changers, 284
   head units, 146
CEA compliant power: 
   amplifiers, 197, 200-201
   head units, 139
CEA compliant SNR, 197
CEA-2006, 201
center channel speakers (see speakers, center channel)
characteristic impedance, of patch cables, 301
chime module interfaces, 166-167
chokes, power line, 330-331
Chrysler head units, 132-133, 155-157
Chrysler/Infinity  (see premium factory sound systems)
circuit breakers, power wiring, 211
Class 2 data bus, 166-168
   premium factory sound systems, 165, 230, 232
Class AB, Class D amplifiers, 198, 208
Class-T, head units, 140
claw tool, 26
clipping, 255-256
component speakers  (see separates)
computer programs for box design, 92-93
connectors: 
   crimp, 13-14
   power wiring, 214-215
   Scotchlok, 14-16
   wire nuts, 16
contrast ratio, 183
converters: 
   aux input, 304-305
   CD changer, 277-278
   (See also adapters)
copper shielding tape, 333-334
crimp connectors, 13-14
crimper/stripper, 21
crossovers: 
   amplifiers with built-in, 198
   for biamping, 256-258
   capacitors for tweeters, 42-43
   cutoff frequency for subs, 71
   filter slope for subs, 70-71
   noise immunity considerations, 320-321
   passive, 251
   preamp-level, 250-252
   purpose, 250
   setting frequency, 268-269, 271-272
   slope, 252-254, 257
   speaker-level, 250-252
   tri-way, 64-65
current, water analogy, 207

D
damping factor, 215
damping, enclosure, 122
Delco/Bose (see premium factory sound systems)
detachable face, head units, 136
differential signals, 316
digital music players: 
   adding to system, 285-287
   cartridge docking, 286
   computer OS requirement, 288
   connecting to system, 291-293
   docking system, 286
   features, 287-289
   ID3 tag display, 288
   in-dash, 286-287
   installation, 289-293
   memory, 287
   mounting, 291
   mounting angle, 289
   mounting location, 289-291
   MP3 compatibility, 287-288
   multiple changer adapter, 293
   performance, 287-289
   player docking, 286
   voice index, 289
   WAV compatibility, 287-288
   WiFi file transfer, 289
   WMA compatibility, 287-288
digital optical output, DVD changers, 285
DIN head units, 132-134, 157-158
DIN removal tool, 28
DIRECTV, 184-185
distortion, 324-326
distribution blocks, power wiring, 209-210
diversity tuning, 141-142
Dolby B, Dolby C, 144
Dolby Digital, 189-190
Dolby Pro Logic II, 189
double DIN head units, 132-133
DTS, 189-190
dual voice coil speakers, 90-92
DVD changers: 
   adding to system with DVD player, 282
   as main DVD player, 283-283
   aspect ratio, selectable, 285
   CD-R, CD-RW compatibility for CDs, 284
   connecting to system, 291-293
   digital optical output, 285
   DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R, DVD+RW compatibility, 285
   features, 283-285
   installation, 289-293
   mounting, 291
   mounting angle, 285
   mounting, 289-291
   MP3 playback for CDs, 284
   multiple changer adapter, 293
   performance, 283-285
   stand-alone mode, 283-284
   video CD (VCD) compatibility, 284
   WMA playback for CDs, 284
DVD head units, 170-173
DVD players: 
   component, 173
   headrest, 173-175
   overhead, 173-175
   portable, 176
   Railport, 174
DVD-A (see DVD-Audio)
DVD-Audio, 190
DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R, DVD+RW compatibility, DVD changers, 285
Dynamat, 308-309

E
efficiency (see sensitivity, speakers)
EMR sniffers, 332-333
equalizer boosters, 242
equalizers: 
   bands, number needed, 240-242
   connecting, 242-243
   noise immunity considerations, 320-321
   parametric, 240-242
   setting by ear, 243-245
   setting by RTA, 245-248
ESP (Electronic Shock Protection), 147

F
ffb, 86-87
fob, 87, 92-93
fs (see T/S parameters)
factory look, 3
Faraday's law, 317
fiberglass damping, 122
filters, power line, 329-332
FM boosters, 308
FM modulator CD changers, 274-276
FM selectivity, 143, 308
FM sensitivity, 143, 308
FM transmitters, for portable music players, 304
foam speaker baffles, 46-47
Ford Premium Sound  (see premium factory sound systems)
Ford/JBL  (see premium factory sound systems)
free-air subwoofers, 80
Front Image Enhancer, 137
fuse taps: 
   for AGC fuse blocks, 17
   for ATO/ATC fuse blocks, 17-18
   installation tips, 18-19
   lead-wire fuse, 17
   for MINI fuse blocks, 18
fuses, power wiring, 210-212

G
galvanized bodies, grounding to, 214
GM Class 2 data bus (see Class 2 data bus)
GM head units, 132-133, 155-157
ground, definition, 33
ground impedance, common, 318
ground loop isolators, 317, 328-329
ground loops, 317-318
grounding:
   to galvanized bodies, 214
   noise considerations, 323-324

H
hard-drive players (see digital music players)
HD Radio, 152-153
HDTV, 184
head units: 
   auto reverse, cassette, 144
   backstraps, 156
   balanced line driver outputs, 138
   cassette features, 143-145
   cassette frequency response, 144
   CD changer built-in, 145-146
   CD changer controls, 137, 276-278
   CD features, 145-148
   CD text display, 147
   CD/cassette combined, 135
   CD-R, CD-RW compatibility, 146
   CEA compliant power, 139
   chassis-grounded speaker wiring, 162-163
   chime module interfaces, 166-167
   Chrysler, 132-133
   Class 2 data bus, 165-168
   Class-T, 140
   common-grounded speaker wiring, 162-163
   crossovers, built-in, 138
   depth, mounting, 134
   detachable face, 136
   DIN, 132-134
   diversity tuning, 141-142
   Dolby B, Dolby C noise reduction, 144
   double DIN, 132-133
   DVD, 170-173
   electrical wiring, 159-163
   ESP (Electronic Shock Protection), 147
   features, general, 135-139
   FM selectivity, 143
   FM sensitivity, 143
   Front Image Enhancer, 137
   GM, 132-133
   HD Radio, 152-153
   high-power, 140
   ID3 tag display for CDs, 147
   installation, 154-163
   ISO-DIN, 132-133
   ISO-DIN-J, 132-133
   mechanical mounting, 154-159
   mounting kits, 154-155
   mounting methods, 132-133
   MP3 playback for CDs, 147
   noise immunity considerations, 319-320
   OEM integration adapters, 160-163
   OnStar, vehicles with, 168
   preamp output voltage, 138
   preamp outputs, 138
   premium factory sound systems, 164-166
   radio features, 139-143
   RDS (Radio Data System), 142
   relocation harnesses, 167-168
   remote control, 139
   satellite radio, 148-151
   satellite-ready, 149-150
   shuffle play, 147
   sizes, 132-133
   soft-touch controls, 145
   sound shaping controls, 137-138
   theft deterrents, 136-137
   Thummer remote control, 139
   universal, 132-133
   very high power, 140
   wiring harness adapters, 159-160
   WMA playback for CDs, 147
   WMA tag display for CDs, 147
   zero-bit detect, 147
headrest DVD players, 173-175
heat-shrink tubing, 20-21
high-level to low-level converters (see line output converters)

I
ID3 tag display: 
   CD changers, 280
   CD head units, 147
   digital music players, 288
imaging: 
   definition, 36-37
   good, achieving, 38, 48-50
in-dash receivers (see head units)
induced noise, 312-313
interconnects (see patch cables)
iPod head unit adapter, 305
isobarik: 
   configuration, 109-112
   driver mounting, 120-122
ISO-DIN head units, 132-133, 158-159
ISO-DIN-J head units, 132-133

J
JCI Railport (see Railport system)

K
kick-panel pods, 58-59

L
lead-wire fuse, 17
line drivers, 321-322
line drop (see voltage drop)
line noise, 318-319
line output converters, 224
   premium factory sound systems, 69-70, 231-232
LOC (see line output converters)

M
magazines, recommended, 338-339
mail-order suppliers, 337
MAXI fuses and fuse holders, 210-212
maximum power amplifier rating, 200
MDF (medium-density fiberboard), 112
metal cutting tips, 53
MIDI fuses and fuse holders, 210-212
mobile video: 
   A/V switchers, 187-188
   cameras, rearview, 186-187
   digital A/V player, 186
   driver distraction, 177
   DVD changers (see DVD changers)
   DVD head units, 170-173
   DVD players, component, 173
   DVD players, headrest, 173-175
   DVD players, overhead, 173-175
   DVD players, portable, 176
   DVD players, Railport, 174
   HDTV, 184
   laws regarding, 177
   monitor locations, 176-179
   monitors, center console, 178
   monitors, headrest, 179
   monitors, in-dash, 177
   monitors, overhead, 178-179
   monitors, performance and features, 179-183
   monitors, visor, 177
   satellite TV receivers, 184-185
   TV tuners, 183-184
   VCRs, 185
   wiring up your system, 187-188
monitors: 
   aspect ratio, 180
   brightness, 182-183
   center console, 178
   contrast ratio, 183
   display modes, 180-182
   driver distraction, 177
   features, 179-183
   headrest, 179
   in-dash, 177
   laws regarding, 177
   locations, 176-179
   overhead, 178-179
   performance, 179-183
   resolution, 182
   viewing angle, 182
   visor, 177
MP3 digital audio format, 148
MP3 playback: 
   CD changers, 280
   CD head units, 147
   digital music players, 287-288
   DVD changers, 284
multimeters, 29-30
   using, 30-34
multipath, 142
multitesters (see multimeters)
Music Keg, 286
muting plugs, 327-328

N
noise: 
   alternator whine, 318-319
   amplifiers, buying, 320
   balanced signals, 316
   cable routing, 323
   capacitors, 329-330
   chokes, 330-331
   common ground impedance, 318
   crossovers, buying, 320-321
   differential signals, 316
   electronic suppressors, 331
   equalizers, buying, 320-321
   equipment placement, 322
   Faraday's law, 317
   filters, power line, 329-332
   ground loop isolators, 317, 328-329
   ground loops, 317-318
   grounding, 323-324
   head units, buying, 319-320
   high preamp levels, 313-314
   high-power systems, 314-316
   induced, 312-313
   line, 318-319
   line drivers, 321-322
   patch cables, 321
   power supply, 318-319
   shielding tape, 333-334
   shorting plugs, 327-328
   signal-to-noise ratio, 313
   sniffers, 332-333
   sources, identifying, 327
   system level adjustment, 324-326
   thermal, 312
   troubleshooting, 334-335
   turn-on/turn-off pops, 237-238
   twisted-pair cabling, 316
noise immunity, of patch cables, 302
noise, road (see road noise)
nutdrivers, 23

O
OEM integration adapters, 160-163
offset screwdriver, 23
Ohm's law, 207
OnStar, 168
overhead DVD players, 173-175
oxygen-free copper, in patch cables, 301

P
paint pen, 28
parallel wiring, 74-77
parametric equalizers, 240-242
patch cables, 301-302
   noise immunity considerations, 302, 321
   remote turn-on wire, 302
   routing to reduce noise, 323
   twisted-pair, 316
patch cords (see patch cables)
peak power amplifier rating, 200
pink noise, 246
portable DVD players, 176
ported box: 
   advantages of, 82
   box design software, 92-93
   damping, enclosure, 122
   design example, 104-106
   port length, calculating, 114-117
   port tuning, 103-104
   ports, constructing, 114-117
   ports, multiple, 118
   when to use a port, 102
ports: 
   Aeroport, 114-115
   constructing, 114-117
   diameter to use, 116
   flared, 114-115
   length equation, 115-116
   length excessive, 116
   multiple, 118
   (See also ported box, bandpass box)
power (see CEA compliant power)
power line capacitors, 296-298
   ESL (equivalent series inductance), 297
   ESR (equivalent series resistance), 297
   installation, 298
   precharging, 298
   temperature rating, 297-298
power line filters, 329-332
power supply noise, 318-319
power, water analogy, 207
preamp output voltage, head units, 138
preamp outputs, head units, 138
premium factory sound systems, 164-166
   basics, 165-166, 229-230
   boosting, 229-235
   bypassing factory amps, 231
   Class 2 data bus, 165
   line output converters for, 231-232
   speakers, 230-231

Q
Qts (see T/S parameters)
quick splice connectors (see Scotchlok connectors)

R
radio features, head units, 139-143
radios (see head units), 
Railport DVD players, 174
Railport system, 175
RBDS (see RDS)
RDS (Radio Data System), 142
rear fill, 38
receivers (see head units)
relay for more current drive, 213-214
relocation harnesses, head units, 167-168
remote control, head units, 139
remote turn-on wiring, amplifiers, 212-214
   (See also patch cables, remote turn-on wire)
resistance, water analogy, 207
resolution, monitors, 182
RMS power (see CEA compliant power)
road noise, 244
   masking, 244
   (See also sound-deadening materials)
RTA (real time analyzer), 246
   setting equalizer with, 245-248

S
satellite radio, 148-151
   docking adapters for plug-and-play tuners, 151
   hand-held, 151
   head unit with built-in, 149
   plug-and-play tuners, 150-151
   tuner for satellite-ready head unit, 149
   universal tuner with head unit adapter, 149-150
satellite TV receivers, 184-185
satellite-ready head units, 149-150
Scotchlok connectors, 14-16, 160
sealed box: 
   advantages of, 80-82
   box design software, 92-93
   damping, enclosure, 122
   design example, 104-106
selectivity (see FM selectivity)
sensitivity, FM (see FM sensitivity)
sensitivity, speakers, 45, 84-85
separates (See also biamping), 57-59
series wiring, 74-77
shielding tape, 333-334
shorting plugs, 327-328
shuffle play, 147, 281
signal-to-noise ratio, 313
   amplifiers, 197
   CEA compliant, 197
SIRIUS satellite radio (see satellite radio)
SnakeLight, 26
sniffers, noise, 332-333
SNR (see signal-to-noise ratio)
soft-touch controls, head units, 145
soldering, 12-13
   crimped connections, 215
   irons, 22-23
   tips for, 13
Sonotube, 112-113
sound shaping controls, head units, 137-138
sound-deadening materials, 308-309
   installing in door, 54
soundproofing materials (see sound-deadening materials)
soundstage (see imaging)
speaker wire, 215-216, 300-301
speakers: 
   adapters, 46
   for biamping, 259
   center channel, 50-51
   chassis-grounded (see OEM integration adapters)
   choosing, 43-46
   choosing a location, 48-50
   common-grounded (see OEM integration adapters)
   cone material, 45-46
   foam baffles, 46-47
   installing in door, 51-56
   kick-panel pods, 58-59
   parallel wiring, 74-77
   polarity, 56
   polarity tester, 56
   premium factory sound systems, 230-231
   sensitivity, 45
   separates (component speakers), 57-59
   series wiring, 74-77
speed clips, 56-57
staging (see imaging)
steering wheel controls, factory, 163-164
Stiffening capacitors (see power line capacitors)
subsonic filter, 71-72
Subwoofer Design Toolbox, 93, 337
subwoofers: 
   adding to premium factory sound systems, 69-70
   amplified, 67-69
   bandpass box construction, 113-114
   bandpass design example, 106-107
   bandpass enclosure type, 82-83
   bass response goal, 102
   bass response potential, 85-89
   box assembly and bracing, 113
   box construction, 112-124
   box design, 92-112
   box design charts, 95-101
   box design software, 92-93
   box materials, 112-113
   choosing a driver, 83-92
   choosing an amplifier for, 72-77
   comparing bass potential, 86-89
   cone material, 89-90
   configurations, 62-70
   crossover considerations, 70-72
   damping, enclosure, 122
   dual voice coil, 90-92, 203
   enclosure types, 80-83
   finishing touches, 122-124
   free-air, 80
   installation, 124-129
   isobarik configurations, 109-112
   multiple drivers in one box, 108-112
   parallel wiring, 74-77
   port design example, 117-118
   port length, calculating, 114-117
   ported box enclosure type, 82
   ports, constructing, 114-117
   ports, multiple, 118
   power handling, 84
   Q-Customs enclosure, 79
   ready-made, 78
   sealed and ported design example, 104-106
   sealed box enclosure type, 80-82
   secret to tight bass with, 128-129
   securing, 126-127
   sensitivity, 84-85
   series wiring, 74-77
   shallow-mount, 85
   Stealthbox enclosure, 78-79
   system adjustment procedure, 128-129
   terminals, speaker, 119
   transmission line enclosure type, 83
   trunk sonic isolation, 125-126
   when to use a port, 102
   (See also, bass transducers)
suppliers, mail-order, 337
surround sound (see 5.1 channel audio)

T
T/S parameters: 
   introduction to, 86-89
   Qts, high values, 87
terminals, speaker, 119
test CDs, 28-29
theft deterrents, head units, 136-137
thermal noise, 312
Thiele/Small parameters (see T/S parameters)
Thummer remote control, head units, 139
tie wraps (see cable ties)
tools: 
   claw tool, 26
   crimper/stripper, 21
   DIN removal tool, 28
   multimeter, 29-30
   nutdrivers, 23
   offset screwdriver, 23
   paint pen, 28
   SnakeLight, 26
   soldering iron, 22-23
   test CDs, 28-29
   Torx drivers, 23-26
   utility hacksaw, 26
   utility knife, 26
   window clip remover, 28
Torx drivers, 23-26
transferability, when planning a system, 2
transmission line enclosure type, 83
tri-mode crossover (see tri-way crossover)
tri-way crossover, 64-65
troubleshooting noise problems, 334-335
TV tuners, 183-184
tweeters: 
   choosing, 39-40
   connecting, 42-43
   crossover caps, 42-43
   damage by clipping, 255-256
   dome, 40
   level matching, 42-43
   piezo, 40
   placing, 40-41
   surface mount, 39-43
twisted-pair cabling, 316

U
universal head units, 132-133
upgradability, when planning a system, 3
upgrade solutions to common complaints, 5-6
utility hacksaw, 26
utility knife, 26

V
Vas (see T/S parameters)
Vof, 92-93
VCRs, 185
vented box (see ported box)
video CD (VCD) compatibility, DVD changers, 284
voice index, digital music players, 289
voltage drop, 206-208, 215
voltage, water analogy, 207

W
WAV digital audio format, 148
WiFi file transfer, digital music players, 289
window clip remover, 28
wire,   speakers, 215-216, 300-301
wire gauge: 
   amplifier wiring, 206-208
   speaker wiring, 215-216
wire nuts, 16
wire ties (see cable ties)
wiring harness adapters, 159-160
WMA digital audio format, 148
WMA playback: 
   CD changers, 280
   CD head units, 147
   digital music players, 287-288
   DVD changers, 284
WMA tag display: 
   CD changers, 280
   CD head units, 147

X
XM satellite radio (see satellite radio)
Xmax, 84

Z
zero-bit detect, 147, 281